朱熹的一生行迹(1130-1200)
朱熹(1130-1200),字元晦,一字仲晦,号晦庵,徽州婺源(今江西婺源)人,生于南剑尤溪,南宋理学家、教育家。绍兴十八年进士,官至焕章阁待制。集北宋理学之大成,建构以"理"为核心的哲学体系,著述宏富,元明清三代奉为科举正统,影响中国思想近八百年。
尤溪(1130) · 尤溪少年
宋高宗建炎四年(1130年),朱熹出生于南剑州尤溪(今福建三明尤溪)其父朱松任县尉的官舍中。朱松为程颢、程颐再传弟子,家学渊源深厚。熹幼颖异,四岁问父"天何物",八岁读《孝经》,少年即有求道之志,后从胡宪、刘勉之、刘子翚三先生受业,奠定了理学根基。
婺源(1147) · 尤溪少年
宋高宗绍兴十七年(1147年),十八岁的朱熹回婺源(今江西婺源)祭扫祖墓,并在此参加乡试。婺源是朱氏祖籍,朱松虽宦游闽中,但始终以婺源为故里。朱熹回婺源期间,与乡儒交往,参访紫阳书院,"紫阳"之号即取自婺源紫阳山,后以此号名其学派。
建阳(1169) · 建阳讲学
宋孝宗乾道五年(1169年),朱熹在建阳(今福建南平建阳)编成《程氏遗书》,开始系统整理二程语录。此前他已编成《论语集义》《孟子集义》等,此后在建阳寒泉精舍陆续完成《太极图说解》《西铭解》等理学核心著作,建阳成为朱子理学的著述中心。
庐山(1179) · 白鹿洞教
宋孝宗淳熙六年(1179年),朱熹知南康军,重建白鹿洞书院于庐山五老峰下。他亲定《白鹿洞书院学规》,以"父子有亲、君臣有义、夫妇有别、长幼有序、朋友有信"五教之目为核心,此学规成为中国书院教育的经典范本,影响后世书院制度数百年。
临安(1181) · 临安从政
宋孝宗淳熙八年(1181年),朱熹召至临安,面奏孝宗三札:一论修德,二论正学,三论抗金。他直陈"天下之大务,莫急于抗金",批评朝廷偏安。孝宗虽嘉其言,未及大用。此后朱熹多次被召入朝,又因直谏而出,在临安的政治生涯始终是短暂的。
武夷山(1183) · 建阳讲学
宋孝宗淳熙十年(1183年),朱熹在武夷山五曲大隐屏下构建武夷精舍,在此讲学著述长达八年之久。他在精舍中完成了《四书章句集注》的初稿,这部著作后来成为元明清三代科举考试的法定教科书,深刻塑造了中国近八百年的思想与文化。
长沙(1194) · 白鹿洞教
宋光宗绍熙五年(1194年),朱熹知潭州(今湖南长沙),重建岳麓书院。他亲至书院督课,制定学规,延请讲友,使岳麓书院焕然复兴。朱熹在潭州任上还平抑粮价、整顿军务,颇有政声,然不久被召入朝为侍讲,旋即去职。
建阳(1200) · 考亭归老
宋宁宗庆元六年(1200年)三月九日,朱熹病逝于建阳考亭,享年七十一岁。早在庆元二年(1196年),韩侂胄兴"庆元党禁",指理学为"伪学",朱熹被落职罢祠,门人蔡元定等编管。朱熹退居建阳考亭,虽身处逆境,仍日与门人讲论不辍,修订《楚辞集注》《韩文考异》等。
The Life Journey of Zhu Xi, the Great Neo-Confucian
Zhu Xi (1130-1200), courtesy name Yuanhui, art name Hui'an, was born in Youxi, Fujian to a family rooted in Wuyuan, Jiangxi — the greatest Neo-Confucian philosopher and educator of the Southern Song. A jinshi of 1148 who rose to Attendant of the Huizhang Pavilion, he synthesized the learning of the Northern Song masters into a philosophy centered on 'principle' (li). His voluminous writings — above all the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books — became the orthodox curriculum of the civil examinations under the Yuan, Ming and Qing, shaping Chinese thought for nearly eight centuries.
Timeline of the Journey
- 1130 · 尤溪 — Born in Youxi where his father served as county officer; at four he asked 'What holds up the sky?', and at eight he annotated the Classic of Filial Piety.
- 1147 · 婺源 — Returned at eighteen to ancestral Wuyuan, sweeping the family tombs and taking his sobriquet 'Ziyang' from the town's Purple Sun Hill.
- 1169 · 建阳 — At Jianyang compiled the records of the Cheng brothers, laying the textual foundation of his school amid the Hanquan retreat.
- 1179 · 庐山 — As prefect of Nanjun rebuilt White Deer Grotto Academy on Mount Lu, its regulations becoming the classic charter of Chinese academy education.
- 1181 · 临安 — Summoned to Lin'an, he boldly memorialized the emperor on cultivating virtue, rectifying learning — and resisting the Jin.
- 1183 · 武夷山 — Built Wuyi Studio beneath Great Hidden Screen cliff, teaching eight years and drafting the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books.
- 1194 · 长沙 — Rebuilt Yuelu Academy while governing Changsha, also stabilizing grain prices and the garrison — recalled to court, then soon released.
- 1200 · 建阳 — Died at Kao'ting, Jianyang in 1200 at seventy-one, teaching to the end though his school had been proscribed as 'false learning' during the Qingyuan purge.
Zhu Xi's footsteps link Youxi, Wuyuan, the grottoes of Mount Lu, the cliffs of Wuyi and the lecture halls of Changsha — a lifelong circuit of teaching. In his own image, learning is that half-acre square pond: clear only because living water keeps arriving from the source.
与其仰望诗人的背影,不如亲自“走”一遍他们的路——宋词.中国「行迹漫游」让你化身马上行人,沿李白、杜甫、苏轼等57位诗人的真实迁徙路线策马而行:每过一站,触发一篇该地系年诗作;入夜之后,更有灯笼满城的诗意夜景。长安的城垣、夔门的江涛、黄州的赤壁,皆非示意图,而是诗人真实踏过的山河。行迹数据依诗人年谱与正史传记交叉考订,每站标注年号纪年与系年诗作,寓学于游。