张载的一生行迹（1020-1077）
张载，字子厚，凤翔眉县人，北宋著名哲学家，关学创始人。少喜谈兵，后转攻儒学，主张"为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平"，世称横渠先生。著有《正蒙》《西铭》等，对宋明理学影响深远。
眉县（1020） · 眉县少时
宋真宗天禧四年，张载出生于凤翔府眉县横渠镇，其父张迪曾任涪州知州。张载幼年丧父，与弟张戬相依为命。少年时即志向远大，喜读兵书，常与人讨论军事策略，希望建功立业于边疆。
延安（1040） · 谈兵交友
宋仁宗康定元年，张载上书陕西经略安抚副使范仲淹，陈述边防之策，欲联合力量攻取洮西。范仲淹见其英气勃发，却警之曰："儒者自有名教可乐，何事于兵。"劝他研读《中庸》，从此张载转向儒学研究。
开封（1057） · 悟道归儒
宋仁宗嘉祐二年，张载进士及第，授祁州司法参军。此前他已在关中讲学多年，声名渐著。在开封期间，他与程颢、程颐兄弟讨论理学，虽有不同见解，但相互尊重。张载的"太虚即气"说开始形成体系。
眉县（1069） · 讲学关中
宋神宗熙宁二年，王安石推行新法，召张载入京议政。张载虽主张变革，但与王安石见解不同，主张渐进式改革，反对急功近利。他在朝中不得志，便辞官回到眉县，在横渠镇讲学著述，形成了系统的关学理论。
眉县（1072） · 讲学关中
宋神宗熙宁五年，张载在横渠镇创立横渠书院，正式授徒讲学。他提出著名的"横渠四句"——"为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平"，成为后世儒者的最高理想。他还在井田制度上进行实验，试图恢复古代的理想社会。
凤翔（1075） · 讲学关中
宋神宗熙宁八年，张载在凤翔一带讲学，整理《正蒙》书稿。《正蒙》是他毕生哲学思想的总结，系统阐述了"太虚即气""一物两体"等核心观点，标志着关学理论体系的成熟。他还与当地官员讨论井田制度的可行性。
开封（1077） · 入京辞归
宋神宗熙宁十年，吕大防推荐张载入京，任同知太常礼院。张载到任后，发现礼制多有不合理之处，力主改革，但遭到保守势力阻挠。他深感失望，加之积劳成疾，便辞官西归。归途中病情加重，行至临潼时溘然长逝。
临潼（1077） · 入京辞归
宋神宗熙宁十年冬，张载在辞官归途中病逝于临潼，享年五十八岁。他临终时仅一甥在侧，囊中索然，家无余财，唯有书籍数箱。他的关学思想经由吕大钧、吕大临等弟子传扬，与二程洛学、朱熹闽学鼎足而三。
The Life Journey of Zhang Zai, Founder of the Guanxue School
Zhang Zai (1020-1077), courtesy name Zihou, was a native of Hengqu, Mei County in Fengxiang — the 'Master Hengqu' of Chinese philosophy and founder of the Guanxue school. In youth he loved discussing military affairs; turning to Confucianism, he taught in the Guanzhong region and proclaimed the ideal that still rings: 'To ordain the heart for Heaven and Earth, to ordain life for the people, to continue the lost teaching of past sages, to open peace for ten thousand generations.' His Zheng Meng and Xi Ming profoundly shaped Neo-Confucianism.
Timeline of the Journey
- 1020 · 眉县 — Born in Hengqu, Mei County; fatherless young and close to his brother, the boy read military treatises and dreamed of frontier deeds.
- 1040 · 延安 — At twenty he presented border strategy to Fan Zhongyan at Yan'an — who told him 'Confucianism has its own joys; why speak of soldiers?' and handed him the Doctrine of the Mean.
- 1057 · 开封 — His jinshi of 1057 opened a decade of dialogue with the Cheng brothers at Kaifeng as his doctrine of 'the Great Void is qi' took shape.
- 1069 · 眉县 — Summoned in 1069 over Wang Anshi's reforms, he counseled gradualism, found no hearing, and withdrew to teach at Hengqu.
- 1072 · 眉县 — Founded the Hengqu Academy in 1072, proclaiming the Four Sentences of Hengqu and experimenting with the well-field system on his own land.
- 1075 · 凤翔 — Teaching through Fengxiang in 1075, he polished the Zheng Meng — the sum of his philosophy of qi, void and polarity.
- 1077 · 开封 — Recalled to the capital in 1077 to serve in the Court of Sacrifice, he pushed ritual reform, met resistance, and fell ill on the road home.
- 1077 · 临潼 — Died at Lintong in 1077 at fifty-eight, only a nephew at his side — his whole estate a few cases of books.
The Four Sentences of Hengqu remain the conscience of Chinese learning — heart for the cosmos, life for the people, the sages' teaching continued, peace for ten thousand generations. Zhang Zai lived them from a village schoolroom, and the school he founded, the Guanxue, still bears the name of his river valley.
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