吴文英的一生行迹(约1200-约1260)
吴文英(约1200-约1260),字君特,号梦窗,晚年又号觉翁,四明(今浙江宁波)人,南宋末年婉约派词人。一生未仕,以布衣终身,长期游幕于苏州、杭州等地。其词密丽深曲、意象繁复,与周邦彦并称"周吴",为宋词婉约派集大成者,对后世影响深远。
宁波(1200) · 四明少年
约宋宁宗庆元六年(1200年),吴文英出生于四明(今浙江宁波)。其家世不详,一说本姓翁,出嗣吴氏。少年时代在宁波度过,受到浙东文化的熏陶。他自幼聪慧好学,尤喜诗词,十七八岁时便离家出游,开始了漫长的客幕生涯。
苏州(1220) · 苏州客幕
约宋宁宗嘉定十三年(1220年),吴文英来到苏州,入浙东安抚使幕府。在苏州期间,他长期客居于此,娶苏州女子为妻。苏州的园林山水、吴侬软语深深影响了他的词风,使其词作密丽深曲、意境幽远。
杭州(1230) · 梦窗词笔
约宋理宗绍定三年(1230年),吴文英来到临安(今杭州),在西湖边结交名流。他与尹焕、施枢等人交好,词名日盛。在杭州期间,他创作了大量以西湖山水为题材的词作,其词风日趋成熟,密丽深曲的特色更加鲜明。
苏州(灵岩山)(1235) · 梦窗词笔
约宋理宗端平二年(1235年),吴文英在苏州陪庾幕诸公游览灵岩山,写下著名的《八声甘州·灵岩陪庾幕诸公游》。此词以吴王夫差与西施的故事为背景,借古讽今,寄寓家国之忧,是梦窗词的代表作之一。
越州(1240) · 杭州流寓
约宋理宗嘉熙四年(1240年),吴文英游历至越州(今绍兴),客居鉴湖之畔。越州是陆游的故乡,吴文英在此追慕先贤,写下多首感怀之作。他还在越州结识了少女苏姬,两人有一段刻骨铭心的恋情,后因故分离,成为他词中最深情的主题。
杭州(重游)(1245) · 杭州流寓
约宋理宗淳祐五年(1245年),吴文英重游杭州,此时他已年过不惑。他在西湖边追忆往事,为亡妻和离去的苏姬写下大量悼亡怀人之作。杭州的湖光山色勾起他无限旧情,词风愈发沉郁凄美。
苏州(晚年)(1255) · 觉翁暮年
约宋理宗宝祐三年(1255年),吴文英晚年回到苏州,贫病交加,境况凄凉。他在苏州度过了生命最后的岁月,以词酒自遣。虽已衰老,仍不废吟咏,词笔不减当年。
杭州(辞世)(1260) · 觉翁暮年
约宋理宗景定元年(1260年),吴文英在杭州病逝,享年约六十岁。他一生布衣,以词名世,存词三百四十余首,是南宋存词最多的词人之一。其《梦窗词》以密丽深曲著称,与周邦彦并称"周吴",对后世词学影响深远。
The Life Journey of Wu Wenying, the Dream-Window Lyricist
Wu Wenying (c. 1200-c. 1260), of Siming, lived and died a commoner — the last great craftsman of the Southern Song lyric. His Dream-Window collection (340 surviving lyrics, the most of any Southern Song poet) was praised and blamed for the same quality: a 'tower of seven jewels,' gorgeous, dense, half-transparent — 'Where is sorrow compounded? On the parting heart, an autumn.' With Zhou Bangyan he shares the later critics' pairing name 'Zhou-Wu.'
Timeline of the Journey
- 1200 · Ningbo — Born at Siming (Ningbo), his family obscure — some say born a Weng, adopted into a Wu. Out into the world at seventeen or eighteen, already a poet.
- 1220 · Suzhou — North to Suzhou and a secretariat post under the eastern pacification commission: long residence, a Suzhou wife, the gardens and soft speech of Wu entering his style for good — dense, curved, deep.
- 1230 · Hangzhou — The capital and the West Lake: Yin Huan, Shi Shu, the famous circles, the reputation growing — the Dream-Window manner now unmistakable.
- 1235 · Lingyan — Lingyan Hill with the staff — 'Eight Beats of Ganzhou': King Fuchai, Xishi, the fall of Wu, the empire's fall now — the great antiquity-lyric of the collection.
- 1240 · Yuezhou — East to Yuezhou and Mirror Lake, Lu You's home country — and there the girl Su: the love of his middle years, separated, mourned ever after.
- 1245 · Hangzhou — Back to the lake in his mid-forties: the elegies for his dead wife and the departed Su, the style darkening into its final beauty.
- 1255 · Suzhou — Old, poor, ill, returned to Suzhou — still writing, 'the brush undiminished.'
- 1260 · Hangzhou — Dead at Hangzhou, about sixty. A lifetime without one official post — and the most debated lyricist in the language: no one middle position on the Dream-Window has ever held.
'Yellow bees again and again beat against the swing's rope — there is the fragrance of her hands still.' No poet ever kept grief in closer focus than Wu Wenying — the Song's last window, opening inward.