陈亮的一生行迹(1143-1194)
陈亮(1143-1194),字同甫,号龙川,婺州永康(今浙江永康)人,南宋思想家、文学家,永康学派创始人。力主抗金恢复,与朱熹辩论王霸义利,主张"义利双行"。与辛弃疾交谊深厚,鹅湖之会成为文坛佳话。绍熙四年状元及第,未及赴任而卒。
永康(1143) · 永康少年
宋高宗绍兴十三年(1143年),陈亮出生于婺州永康(今浙江永康)龙窟山南。其家世代务农,祖父陈益曾为小吏。陈亮少时即聪颖异常,好读兵书,十九岁即著《酌古论》,议论古今用兵之道,为郡守周葵所赏识。
临安(上书)(1178) · 上书论兵
宋孝宗淳熙五年(1178年),陈亮赴临安上书朝廷,连上五道奏疏,力主抗金恢复中原。他在奏疏中痛陈偏安之害,提出"江南不必保,和议不必守"的激进主张,震动朝野。孝宗欲授以官,陈亮辞不受。
永康(讲学)(1182) · 永康学派
宋孝宗淳熙九年(1182年),陈亮回到永康龙窟山,聚徒讲学,创立永康学派。他主张"义利双行,王霸并用",反对朱熹等理学家空谈心性,强调经世致用。其学说在浙东一带影响深远,与永嘉学派并称"浙东事功学派"。
临安(入狱)(1185) · 上书论兵
宋孝宗淳熙十二年(1185年),陈亮因家僮杀人案被牵连入狱,这是他三次系狱中最严重的一次。他被人诬告下狱,受尽酷刑,几度濒死。幸得辛弃疾、罗点等人营救,方得脱险。出狱后他写下"平生不下泪,于此泣无穷"之句。
信州鹅湖(1188) · 鹅湖之交
宋孝宗淳熙十五年(1188年),陈亮自永康出发,专程往信州鹅湖拜访辛弃疾。两人纵论天下大势十日,商议恢复中原之大计。陈亮冒雪离去后,辛弃疾追之不及,写下名篇《贺新郎·别茂嘉十二弟》,追忆此番壮别。
建康(1189) · 鹅湖之交
宋孝宗淳熙十六年(1189年),陈亮游历至建康(今南京),登上城头北望中原,感慨万千。他考察建康山川形胜,认为此处乃是北伐的前进基地,写下著名的《念奴娇·登多景楼》,以镇江之景抒建康之思。
临安(状元)(1193) · 状元迟暮
宋光宗绍熙四年(1193年),五十一岁的陈亮终于状元及第,被授签书建康军判官厅公事。他在殿试策论中写道:"臣窃以为和不可成,守不可恃",再次力主北伐。然而未及赴任,于次年病卒于家中。
永康(归葬)(1194) · 状元迟暮
宋光宗绍熙五年(1194年),陈亮病逝于永康家中,享年五十二岁。他一生以恢复中原为己任,三次入狱不改其志,创立永康学派影响深远。其著作《龙川文集》传世,词作与辛弃疾齐名,为南宋豪放词重要代表。
The Life Journey of Chen Liang, Founder of the Yongkang School
Chen Liang (1143-1194), courtesy name Tongfu, art name Longchuan, was a native of Yongkang, Zhejiang — thinker, essayist and founder of the Yongkang School of practical statecraft. A lifelong champion of the war to recover the North, he debated Zhu Xi on kingship and profit, formed with Xin Qiji the legendary Ehu friendship, took the zhuangyuan at fifty-one, and died before he could take office.
Timeline of the Journey
- 1143 · 永康 — Born to a farming family in Yongkang; a prodigy who at nineteen wrote the 'Discourse on Evaluating the Ancients' on the art of war.
- 1178 · 临安 — Submitted five memorials in Lin'an urging recovery of the Central Plains — 'the South need not be defended, the peace need not be kept' — shocking the court.
- 1182 · 永康 — Founded the Yongkang School at Longku Mountain, teaching 'righteousness and profit advance together' against the quietism of the Neo-Confucians.
- 1185 · 临安 — Falsely implicated and thrown into prison — the worst of his three incarcerations; rescued by Xin Qiji and others after brutal torture.
- 1188 · 鹅湖 — Trekking through snow to Ehu, he spent ten days with Xin Qiji planning the northern expedition; Xin's famous 'He Xin Lang' recalls the parting.
- 1189 · 建康 — Surveying Jiankang's ramparts from Duojing Tower, he argued the recovery of the North must be launched from here.
- 1193 · 临安 — Took first place in the palace examination at fifty-one, his policy essay still demanding war — 'revenge is the ambition of my whole life.'
- 1194 · 永康 — Died at home at fifty-two before assuming office; his Longchuan Collected Works and his heroic ci beside Xin Qiji define the Southern Song bold school.
'Heaven's way returns — this land is China's.' Chen Liang's whole life was a single argument: that thought must serve the recovery of the realm. Three prisons could not bend him; the zhuangyuan came too late to be used — but the Yongkang School's creed of practical statecraft outlived the dynasty that ignored it.