杜荀鹤的一生行迹(846-904)
杜荀鹤(846-904),字彦之,池州石台(今安徽石台)人,相传为杜牧出妾之子。大顺二年进士,晚唐最杰出的写实诗人之一,以律诗写民生疾苦,语言浅切而思想深刻。《山中寡妇》《再经胡县城》揭露赋税暴政,字字血泪。
石台(846) · 石台少年
唐武宗会昌六年(846年),杜荀鹤出生于池州石台(今安徽石台)。相传他是杜牧微时出妾之子,因随母姓杜,自幼家境贫寒,在皖南山区中度过了困苦的少年时代。
九华山(865) · 九华苦读
唐懿宗咸通六年(865年)前后,杜荀鹤在九华山中结庐苦读。九华山为佛教四大名山之一,他在山寺中借经史之书,潜心学养十数年,虽屡试不第,却磨砺了诗艺与思想。
大梁(880) · 游历求仕
唐僖宗广明元年(880年)前后,杜荀鹤北上大梁(今开封)等地游历干谒。时值黄巢起义,天下大乱,他在兵荒马乱中辗转南北,亲历战祸,写下大量反映乱离的诗篇。
长安(891) · 长安登第
唐昭宗大顺二年(891年),杜荀鹤登进士第,年已四十六岁。他在长安屡经困顿,终于及第,但晚唐的朝政已病入膏肓,新科进士的喜悦很快被现实的灰暗所淹没。
胡县城(893) · 长安登第
唐昭宗景福二年(893年)前后,杜荀鹤途经胡县城,亲眼目睹县令横征暴敛的恶果。他写下《再经胡县城》,以血淋淋的事实揭露官逼民反的真相,成为晚唐最尖锐的讽谕诗。
池州(895) · 长安登第
唐昭宗乾宁二年(895年)前后,杜荀鹤回到故乡池州。他在池州一带体察民生,写下《山中寡妇》等反映农村凋敝的名篇,将晚唐赋役之苛写到了极致。
汴州(900) · 朱温幕府
唐昭宗光化三年(900年)前后,杜荀鹤入朱温(朱全忠)幕府,为掌书记。朱温是唐末最强藩镇,日后篡唐建梁。杜荀鹤在朱温幕中深受器重,但依附军阀的处境与他早年的民本理想颇有矛盾。
汴州(终老)(904) · 朱温幕府
唐昭宗天祐元年(904年),杜荀鹤卒于汴州朱温幕中,享年五十九岁。同年朱温弑昭宗、迁都洛阳,唐室已名存实亡。杜荀鹤的诗成为晚唐黑暗现实最后的证词。
The Life Journey of Du Xunhe, Witness of the Falling Tang
Du Xunhe (846-904), of Shitai in Chizhou — by legend the cast-off son of Du Mu — read for years in the Nine Flowers Mountain and passed the jinshi only at forty-six. His regulated poems on widows, ruined villages and tax-farming prefects are the sharpest testimony to the last darkness of the Tang.
Timeline of the Journey
- 846 · 石台 — Born poor in the mountains of Shitai; by legend to a concubine sent away from Du Mu's house, he grew up on hillside hardship.
- 865 · 九华山 — A thatched study in the Nine Flowers Mountain: ten years and more of borrowed books and failed examinations, sharpening craft and conscience alike.
- 880 · 大梁 — Roaming north through the Huang Chao rebellion to Daliang — 'after the chaos I met a village elder' — war poems as witness.
- 891 · 长安 — Jinshi at last at forty-six, into a court already hollow: 'In spring the palace mourns — a lovely face was never the way to favor.'
- 893 · 胡县城 — Passing Hu County again: last year's worn-coated county magistrate now rides in fresh brocade — 'the levy that fed him was the county's blood.'
- 895 · 池州 — Back in Chizhou he wrote the 'Widow in the Mountains' — mulberry fields gone, taxes still due — the whole late-Tang tax system in eight lines.
- 900 · 汴州 — Entering Zhu Wen's staff as secretary: the strongest warlord of the day, soon to end the dynasty — service and conscience at war in one man.
- 904 · 汴州 — Died at fifty-nine in Bianzhou; that same year Zhu Wen murdered the young emperor. His poems remain the last indictment of the falling Tang.
'At Jing Creek: the shoal sounds loudest where the water is shallow.' Du Xunhe proved the humble regulated poem could carry an indictment — the Tang's epitaph in a farmer's voice.