韩愈的一生行迹(768-824)
韩愈(768-824),字退之,河南河阳(今河南孟州)人,自称郡望昌黎,世称韩昌黎。他是唐代古文运动的领袖,被苏轼誉为"文起八代之衰",名列唐宋八大家之首。一生四次贬谪,谏迎佛骨名垂青史,诗开韩孟一派,以文为诗,奇崛雄放。
河阳(768) · 河阳孤童
唐代宗大历三年(768年),韩愈出生于河南河阳一个官宦之家。他三岁而孤,由长兄韩会与嫂郑氏抚养成人,自幼刻苦攻读经史,立下重振儒道的远大志向。
长安(及第)(792) · 科举入仕
唐德宗贞元八年(792年),韩愈第四次应试,终于进士及第。主考官陆贽以古文取士,同榜欧阳詹、李观等皆一时俊杰,此榜被誉为"龙虎榜"。但此后博学宏词科三试不第,韩愈仍困守长安求仕。
汴州(796) · 幕府与南贬
唐德宗贞元十二年(796年),求仕无门的韩愈应宣武军节度使董晋之辟,赴汴州任观察推官。他在汴州幕府三年,结识了张籍、李翱等门生,古文主张渐成气候。
阳山(804) · 幕府与南贬
唐德宗贞元十九年(803年),韩愈升任监察御史,因关中大旱上疏弹劾京兆尹李实,极论宫市之弊,遭谗被贬为连州阳山县令。贞元二十年(804年)他抵达岭南阳山,在瘴疠之地勤政爱民。
郴州(805) · 幕府与南贬
唐顺宗永贞元年(805年),朝廷大赦,韩愈自阳山北还,待命于郴州。中秋之夜,他与同贬的张署把酒赏月,回顾两年贬谪生涯,写下苍凉悲壮的《八月十五夜赠张功曹》。
长安(博士)(806) · 京官与淮西
唐宪宗元和元年(806年),韩愈被召回长安,权知国子博士。他重返京师,与孟郊、张籍、贾岛等诗友唱和联句,正式形成韩孟诗派,古文创作也进入鼎盛时期。
潼关(817) · 京官与淮西
唐宪宗元和十二年(817年),韩愈以行军司马随宰相裴度出征淮西,官军雪夜袭破蔡州,生擒叛将吴元济。凯旋途经潼关,韩愈远眺华山,欣然赋诗向裴度报捷。
蓝关(819) · 潮州之贬
唐宪宗元和十四年(819年)正月,宪宗迎法门寺佛骨入禁中,韩愈上《论佛骨表》极谏,触怒宪宗,几遭极刑,被贬为潮州刺史。他仓促离京,行至蓝田蓝关,侄孙韩湘赶来送行。
潮州(819) · 潮州之贬
唐宪宗元和十四年(819年)三月,韩愈抵达潮州任刺史。他在潮州八月,驱鳄除害、兴办乡校、释放奴婢,深得民心,潮人江山为之改姓,韩江、韩山之名沿用至今。
长安(早春)(823) · 晚年回朝
唐穆宗长庆三年(823年),韩愈任京兆尹兼御史大夫,威震京师,六军将士不敢犯法。早春时节,他漫步皇城天街,看细雨润草,写下清新隽永的《早春呈水部张十八员外》。
长安(长逝)(824) · 晚年回朝
唐穆宗长庆四年(824年)十二月,韩愈在长安靖安里第中病逝,享年五十七岁。朝廷赠礼部尚书,谥曰"文",世称韩文公。门人李汉编其遗文为《昌黎先生集》。
The Life Journey of Han Yu, Whose Prose Raised Eight Ages
Han Yu (768-824), 'whose prose raised eight ages from their decline,' leader of the ancient-prose movement and first of the Eight Masters, was exiled three times and never silenced. The remonstrance against the Buddha-bone, the crocodile-driving months in Chaozhou, and one perfect early-spring quatrain — Su Shi's praise and the ages' — sit side by side in a stormy life.
Timeline of the Journey
- 768 · 河阳 — Orphaned at three in Heyang, raised by his brother and sister-in-law; the boy who would restore the Way began studying by himself.
- 792 · 长安 — Jinshi on the fourth try, under Lu Zhi, with Ouyang Zhan and Li Guan — the 'dragon-and-tiger' class of 792.
- 796 · 汴州 — Into Dong Jin's staff at Bianzhou: three years of drafts and disciples, the ancient-prose banner rising over Zhang Ji and Li Ao.
- 804 · 阳山 — Censor denouncing the capital mayor and the palace markets — exiled to Yangshan in the far south. 'The answer to Zhang Eleven' among the gibbons.
- 805 · 郴州 — Waiting at Chenzhou under amnesty, Mid-Autumn with fellow exile Zhang Shu: 'the eighth-month moon, one goblet, one song.'
- 806 · 长安 — Back as Erudite; with Meng Jiao, Zhang Ji and Jia Dao the 'Han-Meng school' of hard, strange music took shape. 'Drunk, I detain Dongye.'
- 817 · 潼关 — Marching staff officer with Pei Du against Huaixi — the winter night-raid on Caizhou; from Tong Pass he announced the victory to the mountains.
- 819 · 蓝关 — The Buddha-bone memorial nearly cost his life; exiled to Chaozhou, snow at Blue Pass: 'Clouds lock Qin, where is home?'
- 819 · 潮州 — Eight months in Chaozhou: crocodiles charmed away, schools founded, slaves freed — a river and a mountain renamed Han by a grateful people.
- 823 · 长安 — Metropolitan Governor of the capital — the six armies dared not offend. On the Water Bureau's early spring: 'the grass seen afar, near at hand — none.'
- 824 · 长安 — Died at fifty-seven in Jing'an Ward, Minister of Rites posthumously, "Wen" — the Master Han of Changli, his works gathered by his disciples.
'The sky-street rain moistens like crisp; the grass color seen afar and yet not near.' A man of granite who argued with an emperor over a bone, and could still write the softest rain in the language.