黄庭坚的一生行迹(1045-1105)
黄庭坚(1045-1105),字鲁直,号山谷道人,洪州分宁(今江西修水)人,北宋诗人、书法家。治平四年进士,与秦观、晁补之、张耒并称"苏门四学士",开江西诗派,讲究"脱胎换骨""点铁成金",书法列宋四家之一。
修水(1045) · 修水少年
宋仁宗庆历五年(1045年),黄庭坚出生于洪州分宁(今江西修水)双井村黄氏世家。双井黄氏一门十进士,为江南望族,庭坚自幼浸淫诗书,少年即以诗名,从舅父李常学诗,博闻强识,为日后开宗立派奠定根基。
开封(1067) · 开封苏门
宋英宗治平四年(1067年),黄庭坚登进士第,授汝州叶县尉。后入京为国子监教授,与苏轼订交。苏轼读其诗叹"超轶绝尘,独立万物之表",引为知己,庭坚遂列苏门四学士之首,师生诗酒唱和,名动京师。
吉州(1080) · 吉州太和
宋神宗元丰三年(1080年),黄庭坚知吉州太和县(今江西吉安泰和)。在太和任上,他体察民情,抑制盐政苛扰,"不以一切治,务宽厚",深得民心。公务之余,他登快阁远眺,写下七律名篇《登快阁》,"落木千山天远大,澄江一道月分明"成为千古写景名句。
开封(1086) · 开封苏门
宋哲宗元祐元年(1086年),黄庭坚入京为秘书省校书郎,参与校定《资治通鉴》。元祐间他与苏轼、苏辙同在京城,苏门师生诗酒唱和极盛,庭坚书艺亦臻化境,与苏轼、米芾、蔡襄并称"宋四家",一时文采风流冠绝天下。
黔州(1095) · 黔州贬谪
宋哲宗绍圣二年(1095年),黄庭坚因修《神宗实录》被指"诬毁先帝",贬涪州别驾、黔州安置(今重庆彭水)。年过五十被远谪蛮荒,他初至黔州,"风极寒,多蛇虺",然以达观处之,开馆授徒,教化当地,黔州文风由此渐兴。
戎州(1098) · 黔州贬谪
宋哲宗元符元年(1098年),黄庭坚自黔州移戎州安置(今四川宜宾)。戎州地处戎羌之交,形势更险,但物产颇丰,名酒"姚子雪曲"即产于此。庭坚在戎州以酒遣愁,自号"戎州老子",与当地文士廖恩等交往唱和,留下大量诗篇。
鄂州(1102) · 黔州贬谪
宋徽宗崇宁元年(1102年),黄庭坚获赦内迁,知鄂州(今湖北武汉武昌)。然而新党蔡京等执政后兴"元祐党人"之狱,庭坚再遭贬谪,被除名羁管宜州。在鄂州短暂停留期间,他仍以诗文书法自遣,与当地文士交游。
宜州(1104) · 宜州卒所
宋徽宗崇宁三年(1104年),黄庭坚被羁管宜州(今广西河池宜州),这是他最后的贬所。在宜州,他居于城南民屋,后迁崇宁寺,环境极为简陋,然他仍坚持读书写字、开馆授徒,与宜州士人范寥等交好。崇宁四年九月三十日,黄庭坚病逝宜州贬所,享年六十岁。
The Life Journey of Huang Tingjian, Founder of the Jiangxi School
Huang Tingjian (1045-1105), the 'Master of the Mountain Valley,' of the Double-Well Huangs of Xiushui, was poet, calligrapher — one of the Four Masters of Song — and founder of the Jiangxi School with its alchemy of 'turning iron to gold.' Su Shi's proudest disciple, he was exiled twice in old age and died in a garrison hut in Yizhou with his brush still wet.
Timeline of the Journey
- 1045 · 修水 — Born at Double-Well village, Xiushui — ten jinshi in one clan; poems by boyhood, his uncle's lessons his first school.
- 1067 · 开封 — Jinshi under Yingzong; in the capital Su Shi read him and cried 'he surpasses the dust, standing alone beyond all things' — the Gate of Su gained its tallest pupil.
- 1080 · 太和 — Magistrate of Taihe: soft taxes over harsh, salt-monopoly extortions restrained. 'I lean on the railing of Kuaige — the moon of a whole river in my eyes.'
- 1086 · 开封 — Yuanyou years in the capital, collating the 'Comprehensive Mirror' beside Su Shi and Su Zhe — the gate at its zenith, his calligraphy too. 'To Huang Jifu: peach and plum, one cup of wine; rivers and lakes, ten years of rain.'
- 1095 · 黔州 — The Verdict: 'slander of the late emperor.' Demoted to Qianzhou among the Miao, past fifty: 'the pass of Zi-ge, in snow I move house.'
- 1098 · 戎州 — Moved farther, to Rongzhou by the Min — 'Yaozi snow-liquor' for company; exile poems plainer, harder, better.
- 1102 · 鄂州 — One year's grace as prefect of Ezhou — then Cai Jing's proscription lists: struck from the rolls, banished to Yizhou. 'South Tower at Ezhou' — the calmest poems of a falling man.
- 1104 · 宜州 — The last lodging, a borrowed room by Yizhou's south wall, then a temple cell: 'Plum blossoms seen in Yizhou' — still reading, writing, teaching; died there at sixty-one.
'Peach and plum in spring winds, a cup of wine; rivers and lakes, in night rain, ten years of lamps.' Huang Tingjian made of exile an aesthetics — and the Jiangxi School kept his method for four hundred years.
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