孟郊的一生行迹(751-814)
孟郊(751-814),字东野,湖州武康(今浙江德清)人,唐代著名苦吟诗人。他四十六岁方登进士第,一生困顿坎坷,诗风奇崛寒瘦,与贾岛并称"郊寒岛瘦",又与韩愈共同开创韩孟诗派。《游子吟》传诵千古。
武康(751) · 早年苦吟
唐玄宗天宝十载(751年),孟郊出生于湖州武康。父亲孟庭玢时任昆山县尉,家境清寒。孟郊自幼性情狷介、勤奋苦学,江南的青山绿水哺育了这位日后以苦吟著称的诗人。
嵩山(785) · 早年苦吟
唐德宗贞元元年(785年)前后,中年孟郊隐居嵩山一带,与山中高士往来,闭门苦吟。这段隐居岁月使他的诗艺日趋精警,也形成了他"夜学晓未休"的苦吟作风。
长安(落第)(793) · 科场沉浮
唐德宗贞元九年(793年),孟郊再次赴长安应进士试,不幸落第。他两度跋涉长安古道,耗尽资财而一无所获,只能含泪看着他人赏花夺锦,写下凄恻的落第诗。
杭州(漫游)(794) · 科场沉浮
唐德宗贞元十年(794年),落第后的孟郊离开长安,作东南之游,行经苏州、杭州、越州等地。东南清丽的山水稍稍抚平了他的失意,途中写下《下第东南行》等纪游诗篇。
长安(登科)(796) · 科场沉浮
唐德宗贞元十二年(796年),四十六岁的孟郊第三次赴长安应试,终于进士及第。多年压抑一朝释放,他策马长安街头、看花饮酒,狂喜之下写下平生第一快诗《登科后》。
溧阳(801) · 溧阳尉任
唐德宗贞元十七年(801年),孟郊到溧阳县尉任上,随即接年迈的母亲到溧阳奉养。县尉之职卑微琐屑,他不理吏事,常在县南投金濑边吟诗徘徊,半俸度日却尽心孝母。
洛阳(幕府)(806) · 洛阳暮年
唐宪宗元和元年(806年),河南尹郑馀庆仰慕孟郊才名,辟他为河南水陆转运从事,协理洛阳漕运事务。孟郊定居洛阳立德坊,生活稍安,与韩愈等往来唱和。
洛阳(秋怀)(811) · 洛阳暮年
唐宪宗元和六年(811年)前后,孟郊在洛阳连遭丧母与三子夭折之痛,贫病交加。他寄居破屋,以《秋怀》十五首抒发老病孤愁,诗风愈发苦寒凄厉。
阌乡(814) · 洛阳暮年
唐宪宗元和九年(814年),郑馀庆出任山南西道节度使,辟孟郊为兴元军参谋。孟郊携妻自洛阳赴任,行至阌乡县(今河南灵宝)暴疾而卒,享年六十四岁。
The Life Journey of Meng Jiao, Who Grinded His Verses
Meng Jiao (751-814), styled Dongye, of Wukang, failed twice and passed at forty-six — 'spring wind, proud hooves, one day all Chang'an's flowers seen' — then served as a pettifogging county defender, brought his mother to Liyang, and under her needlework wrote the 'Song of the Wandering Son': the most quoted mother-poem in the language. 'Cold Meng' to Jia Dao's 'thin island,' he starved beautifully and died on the road.
Timeline of the Journey
- 751 · 武康 — Born poor in Wukang, county-defender's son; proud, solitary, impossibly diligent.
- 785 · 嵩山 — Middle age hidden at Mount Song: 'night study, no rest at dawn; weeping over a hard line, heart chilled' — the method of the grinder.
- 793 · 长安 — Second failure: 'twice I have gone down' — the flowers of the capital blooming for other men's saddles.
- 794 · 杭州 — Southeast after the fall — Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yuezhou — 'going down, southeast,' the waters gentler than the examiners.
- 796 · 长安 — Passed at forty-six: 'the spring wind is proud, my horse's hooves swift — one day, and I have seen all the flowers of Chang'an!' — joy like a dam breaking.
- 801 · 溧阳 — Defense officer of Liyang, his mother brought to serve: 'the wandering son's thread in the loving mother's hand... how dare the grass-heart repay the three spring suns?' — the poem every Chinese child learns for its mother.
- 806 · 洛阳 — Taken up by Zheng Yuqing for the transport service at Luoyang; a house in Lide ward at last, Han Yu across the city — 'the evening view from Luo bridge: the pines still, the moon a frost-sail.'
- 811 · 洛阳 — Mother dead, three sons dead in a year, cold in a broken house: fifteen 'Autumn Feelings' — 'cold vermin gnaw my flesh into grief' — suffering set down without flinching.
- 814 · 阌乡 — Summoned to Zheng Yuqing's Hanzhong staff; on the road at Wenxiang, sudden illness, death at sixty-three — friends burying the poorest famous man in China.
'The thread in the loving mother's hand, the coat on the wandering son's back.' One poem for his mother outweighs all the laurels the capital ever gave anyone else — Meng Jiao lost every race but the one that mattered.