柳宗元的一生行迹(773-819)
柳宗元(773-819),字子厚,河东(今山西运城)人,世称柳河东。他少年成名,参与永贞革新,失败后被贬永州十年、柳州五年,写下《永州八记》《江雪》等不朽名篇,与韩愈共同倡导古文运动,世称"韩柳"。
长安(少年)(773) · 京华岁月
唐代宗大历八年(773年),柳宗元出生于长安。柳氏为河东望族,世代簪缨,他自幼聪慧好学,少年时便以文章闻名于京师,二十岁前已名动长安。
长安(革新)(805) · 永贞革新
唐顺宗永贞元年(805年),柳宗元任礼部员外郎,成为王叔文集团的核心人物,参与永贞革新,罢宫市、免苛税、抑宦官。革新百余日即告失败,他被贬为邵州刺史,途中再贬永州司马。
永州(初贬)(805) · 永州十年
唐顺宗永贞元年(805年)冬,柳宗元携老母跋涉数千里抵达永州,任永州司马员外置同正员——一个有职无权的闲员。他寄居龙兴寺,忧愤孤独中寄情山水,开始十年的贬谪生涯。
永州(愚溪)(810) · 永州十年
唐宪宗元和五年(810年),柳宗元在永州冉溪畔购地筑室,改溪名为"愚溪",筑愚堂、愚亭,自号"愚溪居士"。他远离政治漩涡,终日与溪山为伴,写下大量山水诗文。
永州(渔翁)(812) · 永州十年
唐宪宗元和七年(812年)前后,柳宗元在永州潇水之滨静观渔翁生活,写下意境清绝的《渔翁》。永州十年,他遍游西山、钴鉧潭、小石潭,山水之胜尽入笔端。
长安(召还)(815) · 柳州刺史
唐宪宗元和十年(815年)正月,朝廷下诏召柳宗元、刘禹锡等"八司马"回京。柳宗元二月抵达灞亭,百感交集。然而宰相武元衡等忌其才名,三月又将他远贬为柳州刺史。
衡阳(815) · 柳州刺史
唐宪宗元和十年(815年)夏,柳宗元与刘禹锡结伴南行赴贬所,行至衡阳分路:刘禹锡东往连州,柳宗元南赴柳州。二人在湘水之滨执手话别,赋诗互赠,自此天涯永隔。
柳州(刺史)(815) · 柳州刺史
唐宪宗元和十年(815年)六月,柳宗元抵达柳州任刺史。柳州地处岭南,民风朴野、百越杂处。他登城楼远眺,海天苍茫,写下寄赠同样远贬的韩泰等四位刺史的七律名篇。
柳州(种柳)(817) · 柳州刺史
唐宪宗元和十二年(817年)前后,柳宗元在柳江西岸亲手栽种柳树,并戏题小诗自嘲。他开凿水井、整治城郭、种植柑树,把柳州当作自己最后的事业寄托。
柳州(长逝)(819) · 柳州刺史
唐宪宗元和十四年(819年),朝廷大赦,裴度奏请召回柳宗元,诏书未至,柳宗元已于十一月八日病逝柳州,享年四十七岁。临终前他致书刘禹锡,托付文稿与幼子。
The Life Journey of Liu Zongyuan, Chronicler of Rivers and Snow
Liu Zongyuan (773-819), 'Liu of Hedong,' was famous in Chang'an before twenty, a core member of the hundred-day Yongzhen Reform, and then — for it — ten years a nominal 'idle officer' in Yongzhou and five a dying prefect in Liuzhou. Out of the ruins came 'River Snow,' the Eight Records of Yongzhou, and a prose partnership with Han Yu that remade the language.
Timeline of the Journey
- 773 · 长安 — Born in Chang'an into the Hedong Liu; composing at thirteen, at twenty the talk of the capital.
- 805 · 长安 — Vice-director of Rites under Shunzong, in Wang Shuwen's reform circle — palace markets and harsh taxes struck down, eunuchs checked — for a hundred days.
- 805 · 永州 — The reform fell; exile to Yongzhou as a supernumerary 'aide' with no duties, his mother dead within months in the Longxing temple. 'A thousand mountains, no flying bird; ten thousand paths, no footprint — one boat, one old man, fishing the cold river snow.'
- 810 · 永州 — A place of his own at last on the Ran stream — renamed 'Fool's Stream,' the Fool's Hall and Pavilion; 'the Rats of Yongzhou,' 'The Snake-Catcher,' statecraft gone into fable.
- 812 · 永州 — The fishermen of the Xiao, the Western Hills, the Lead-Mother Pool, the Small Stone Pool — the Eight Records, landscape writing invented in exile. 'The fish seemed to move through empty air.'
- 815 · 长安 — Recalled in spring with the other 'Eight Majors' — in Chang'an a month, in a faction's shadow, then re-exiled further: Liuzhou.
- 815 · 衡阳 — Parting from Liu Yuxi on the Xiang: 'at Hengyang we turn our backs, ten thousand misty waves' — the friendship that carried them both.
- 815 · 柳州 — As Prefect of Liuzhou among the hundred Yue: 'the city tower over four fellow-exiles' prefectures' — then wells dug, slaves ransomed, order made.
- 817 · 柳州 — Willows planted along the Liu river — 'I am laughed at, but the trees will shade ten thousand men' — and orange groves, and the city wall repaired.
- 819 · 柳州 — The recall edict still on the road when he died, November 819, at forty-six — his works and his young son entrusted to Liu Yuxi. 'I myself am laden and exiled; my brother too, ten thousand li, crossing the ford of parting.'
'A lone boat, an old man in straw cape, fishing alone the cold river snow.' The coldest and most complete poem in Chinese — written by the man who lost an empire's capital and made, of the losing, a new prose.